The Eighteenth Century Age Of Enlightenment - 2647 Words

Catherine Liang Mr. Pointer Hon. History 1 29 August 2014 Cornell Notes: Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: Age of Enlightenment Key Topics/Questions Notes Marie-Therese de Geoffrin: The Enlightenment: -Was religion becoming unreliable? Path to Enlightenment: Popularization of Science: - Bernard de Fontenelle New Skepticism: -Pierre Bayle Impact of Travel Literature: -Did other cultures effect society back in Europe and the way they thought about their government? Legacy of John Locke and Isaac Newton: The Philosophes and Their Ideas: -Why were social reformers most important if their work was not accepted by the censors? -Did censors arrest them because they did not want uprisings from the ideas people might get? Montesquieu and Political Thought: -Did the United States government adapt the idea of checks and balances from Montesquieu’s work? -During this time, what kind of government did Europe have? Voltaire and the Enlightenment: -Did the strict control of the censors become less controlling in this time? -What caused him to be so rational, especially in the Calas affair? Diderot and the Encyclopedia: New â€Å"Science of Man†: -If government allowed people to have the freedom to do whatever they wanted in economy, would tat not cause conflict between competitive things? -Was this debate brought up to figure out how to help people with their economy? -Laissez faire had to have restrictions in order to maintainShow MoreRelated Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesNeoclassicism and the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a time of great innovation and evolution. One of the most significant movements which owes at least the majority of its beginnings to the Enlightenment is the architectural and artistic movement of Neoclassicism. 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This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenment. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay on The Enlightenment1246 Words   |  5 Pagespervasive shifts. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was one of these paradigm historical shifts, challenging t he traditional notions of authority by investing reason with the power to change the human condition for the better. This ecumenical emphasis on reason and independent thought led to an explosion of change and development across science, philosophy, religion, and politics. Later ideologies that would shape the socioeconomic landscape of the next two centuries were themselves shaped

Gestalt Psychology - 1707 Words

1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term â€Å"psyche† when translated from the Greek is most closely associated with the term A) habit. B) life. C) study. D) mind. 2.The essential difference between behavior and mental processes is A) complexity. B) observability. C) controllability. D) ease of description. 3. Why is psychology a science? A) It attempts to separate the elements of the mind. B) It uses rigorous methods of observation. C) It has more than one research method. D) It uses thought to achieve understanding. 4.Which of the following is a key term in the definition of psychology? A) behavior B) habit C) introspection D) induction 5.Strictly speaking, overt behaviors are actions that A)†¦show more content†¦C) What are the individual components of the mind? D) What is the basis of forgetting? 20. What was the goal of introspection? A) To predict which individuals would develop either normal or abnormal personality traits. B) To understand the interplay between the components of the id, ego, and superego. C) To observe the contents of the mind as accurately and unemotionally as possible. D) To determine the fundamental differences between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 21. If you were a psychologist who was labeled a structuralist, you would be interested in the _______ of the mind, using ______ as you primary research method. A) function; experimentation B) structure; experimentation C) function; introspection D) structure; introspection 22. With which school of psychology are Wilhelm Wundt and his student, Edward Titchener, associated? A) functionalism B) structuralism C) introspection D) behaviorism 23. Which school of psychology focused its studies on perception? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) psychoanalysis D) Gestalt psychology 24. What structuralist is best known for the study of heat and cold? A) J. Henry Alston B) Wilhelm Wundt C) Edward Titchener D) Raymond Cattell 25. Which approach to psychology would be apt to say â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?† A) Structuralist B) Gestalt C) Functionalist D) Behaviorist 26. Which question were functionalists primarily interested inShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Gestalt Psychology1503 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopment of Gestalt Psychology Phrases such as â€Å"seeing the forest from the trees† and â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts† have roots grounded in the same ideals of Gestalt psychology. These phrases best describe the purpose of Gestalt psychology in how they emphasize focusing on the big picture and not just the colors. The Gestalt concept of perception is how the mind understands the world around it by seeing it in whole forms, not simple elements. The human brain and consciousnessRead MoreGestalt Psychology and Perception 1861 Words   |  8 PagesGestalt psychology was founded by German thinkers Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. They mainly focused on how people interpret the world around them. The Gestalt perspective formed partially as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt, who focused on breaking down mental events and experiences to the smallest elements. Structuralists had failed in explaining the concept of ‘apparent motion’ and ‘illusory contours’. Gestalt psychologists further recognized that structuralismRead MoreThe Psychology Of Gestalt Therapy Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology is not only fascinating or extraordinary, it has opened concepts greater than human understanding. Beginning in 1897, the human mind has been under heavy study, and through the invention of Gestalt therapy, it has helped tremendously. Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, although deceased his presents is felt everyday through Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy has training for anyone who might be interested into going into its practice. There are many facilities around the worldRead MoreAn Overview Of Gestalt Psychology1133 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of Gestalt Psychology Though not practiced in contemporary psychology, the school of Gestalt—meaning shape or form in Deutsch—was a predominant topic among German psychologists in the nineteenth century.   The term â€Å"Gestalt† was coined as a definition for the perception of a whole separate and different from its parts.   Prior to this, psychologists had been analyzing the parts of the whole in order to explain the whole.   Ã‚  In order to test the new theory, principles of Gestalt were establishedRead MoreThe Theories Of Gestalt Psychology1900 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Gestalt Gestalt Psychology began when behaviorism was taking off in America. Behaviorism began their school of psychology by opposing the work of Wundt and began the use of animals in research. But Gestalt psychology is primarily based on the fundamentals of Wundtian theory, which are the sensory elements. The founder of Gestalt was none other than Wolfgang Kohler. Within Gestalt, it was â€Å"accepted the value of consciousness while criticizing the attempt to reduce it to atoms or elements†Read MoreGestalt Psychology Reflection Essay624 Words   |  3 PagesGestalt Psychology Reflection Michael A. Perkins PSY310 January 26th, 2015 Dr. Shannon Kelly Gestalt Psychology Reflection The Gestalt psychology movement was fascinating within the time frame in which it started to develop. While other psychological movements strived to boil down psychology in almost simplistic, scientific terms, Gestalt psychology embraced complexities within the consciousness. Gestalt psychologists argued â€Å"that when we look out a window we really see trees and sky, notRead MoreThe Main Influences On Gestalt Psychology757 Words   |  4 Pageson Gestalt psychology and how they contributed to its development.   Since being discovered, gestalt psychology created vital contributions to the psychology of thinking and problem solving influenced by thinkers, including, Immanuel Kant, Ernst Mach and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. This paper will reflect on the main influences on Gestalt psychology, their contributions, and the principles of perceptual organization. According to the Merriam-Webster, the definition of gestalt psychology is:Read MoreThe Bender Gestalt Test And Psychology1896 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bender-Gestalt Test Clinicians and psychology professionals endeavor to employ qualified tests in their assessment of individuals who may be in need of additional psychological or educational assistance. The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test or Bender-Gestalt test is an instrument that is maneuvered to measure a myriad of situations such as intelligence evaluation, neuropsychological dysfunction, visual motor functioning, and as a basic projective tool for assessing personality (Piotrowski, 1995)Read MoreThe Concept of Gestalt Psychology1439 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: What Gestalt psychology What Gestalt psychology Introduction Gestalt psychology is also referred to as Gestaltism. In German language, the word means the shape or an essence of complete form that an entity can take. The theory is based on the working of the mind and brain and it originated from the School of Berlin. The main principle of the theory is that the brain is an analog and a holistic organ having the capability to manage and organize itself (Hergenhahn, 2005, p. 78)Read MorePsy315797 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Psychology Reflection PSY 310 January 11, 2016 Sam Ivory Dr. Fine Gestalt psychology Reflection The school of thought is what Gestalt psychology theory is about. Gestalt believes that all things and scenes are observed in the simplest forms. Also known as the Law of Simplicity, the meaning behind the theory is that the whole of an object or scene is more important than its individual parts. When you observe everything as a whole it allows us to us find order in disorder and unity

Overview of Standard 9 in Health Care-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Review the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care Standard. Answer: Introduction The current study focuses upon the applications of standards within a health and care setting for catering to the diverse requirements of the health and care service users. The main aims behind the application of the standards are to provide immediate and appropriate responses to the users of health care services. For the current chapter standard 9 of the Australian Commission on safety and quality in healthcare have been taken into consideration. The module mainly addresses the concept of clinical deterioration in acute healthcare. The chapter also takes into consideration a number of other factors such as the affectivity of the guidelines stated in the standard 9. It also focuses upon the need to implement effective communication strategies for providing relevant care and support services to the care users. Overview of standard 9 in health care The standard 9 was developed and endorsed by the Australian health ministry as an acceptable approach for recognizing and responding to the clinical deterioration in Australia. In this respect, much of the guidelines stated in the standard 9 have been taken from a comprehensive Guide to support Implementation of the national consensus statement, published by the Australian commission in 2011 (Boyd et al. 2014). The standard applies to diverse group of patients including children, adolescents, and babies, surgical and maternity patients. The implementation of the standard 9 requires that large and tertiary referral centres be established in the community hospitals of small districts (Bischoff et al. 2013). Criterion for reviewing the assessment The establishment of the standard 9 for responding to the deterioration in the Australian clinical standards can be established through a number of criterion such as: Establishment of the recognition and response systems ("Resources to implement the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017) Recognising the care needs of the patients suffering from deterioration in health Timely response being provided to the patients in need of the support services Developing a proactive and interactive communication interface with the support users ("Resources to implement the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017) In this regard, the criterions of establishing effective communication with the patient and the carers have been evaluated for the establishment of the standard 9 guidelines. The communication forms a very important aspect of providing effective responses to the management of deterioration of clinical health standards. As commented by Bucknall et al. (2016), the current health care systems in Australia have identified a lack in the communication policies and strategies for comprehending the requirements of the support users ("Resources to implement the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality", 2017) . However, the gap arises due to inability of the health care team in understanding the concern of the patients. As argued by See et al. (2014), most of the times the patients have been seen to communicate about the deteriorating standards within the health care system to their respective carers. However, as argued by Khandelwal et al. (2015), lack of support and educational skills in the he althcare team about the standards and the signs of clinical deterioration depicted by the patient and their carers can act as deterrence. In this context, the communication aspect of the standard 9 states that in case of service dissatisfaction the patient and their respective carers can ask for plausible interventions of the healthcare team. The patients can escalate their concerns to the healthcare team. The healthcare team then accesses the situation accordingly and provides relevant support measures to the patient. In this respect, maintaining effective patient clinical records can be helpful in catering to the diverse needs of the patients. Strategies for implementing the required standards A number of strategies can be undertaken for implementing the required standards such as developing methods for easy access of the healthcare team by the patients, their respective carers and families in addressing issues related to clinical deterioration. As commented by Liaw et al. (2016), advance care plans can be designed by involving the patients, family members and their respective carers. This further supports the concept of informed decision making by providing the support users with more autonomy. Additionally, documentation of advance care helps in improving the service standards further (Johnson May, 2015). The patients should be provided with sufficient knowledge regarding the escalation procedure of clinical deterioration. Analysing practices adopted in current workplace and providing suitable solutions Working as a practising nurse in a healthcare setup one needs to apply a number of different practise methods for meeting with the service demands and the needs of the support users. I have been working as practising as a nurse for the Nightingale hospital and have been attending to the diverse care needs of the patients. In this context, incorporation of bell services beside the bedside of the patients had been very effective in my current organization. However, most of the times, the patients had been found to be hovering in confusion regarding appropriate time of ringing the bell (Phua et al. 2015). Therefore, there is a need to educate the patients regarding their sole rights and privileges in achieving the optimum care services. For the purpose of which sufficient information needs to be provided to the patients regarding the escalation process. One of the major hindrances offered in meeting the concerns of the patients are lack of sufficient skills in the health care professional for understanding the care needs and demands of the service users. As mentioned by Stayt et al. (2015), language often becomes a barrier in addressing the diverse support care needs of the patients. A health care set up often deals with a number of patients from diverse cultural and linguistically different backgrounds (CALD). Thus, maintaining a transparent communication often becomes a limitation in this context. Strategies applied to address the key tasks of selected criterion In my current workplace, I had been subjected to diverse measures and Patient care policies. However, the efficacy of the policies varies from person to person and upon the care channel through which it is mediated. In this respect, a number of policies had been applied within my current organization. One of the chosen methods, which had been most effective in meeting the requirements of the support users, is encouraging the participation of the support users in the process of decision-making. Thus, the incorporation of informed decision making had been found to be an effective tool for the health care professionals in understanding the deterioration issues faced by the support users. I think maintaining clear documentation and consent policies as per the treatment plans would help in meeting transparency in the care and support services. This further helps in avoiding any forms of conflict or disagreement as per decision making between the patient and the health care team. I think e stablishment of the Medical Emergency Team (MET) calls helped in providing rapid response to an intensive care unit patient. Thus, the inculcation of the MET helps in reducing in-hospital deaths along with timely provision of medical intervention to patients experiencing serious health deterioration. Evaluating the effectiveness of implemented strategies The strategies have been successful in meeting the health and care requirements of the support users receiving care services from the Nightingale group of hospitals. I think the formation of the MET group have been useful in meeting the emergency care requirements of the hospital. It has also helped in reducing death due to some of the unavoidable incidents such as acute cardiac arrest. I also think maintaining clear documentation and logbooks can help in designing an effective care regimen in the handling and management of similar cases. Additionally data collection and conducting surveys about the current satisfaction levels of the patients receiving care services from the hospital can help in improving the standards of the services (Larcher et al. 2015). The collected data can be used to design relevant and important policies. Conclusion Working as a practising nurse i need to analyse the effectiveness of strategies implemented within my current organization. However, through my study and detailed analysis, I have realized that lack of clear communication and policy documentation can often hinder the objective satisfaction of my current organization. Additionally, division of the emergency and trauma care workforce into small and effective medical emergency team would help in catering to the diverse needs of the patients. However, for the successful implementation of the desired changes there is a huge amount of dependency on the infrastructural support. Thus, additional support and funds available from the government could be a huge progress in the following respect. Additionally, encouraging sufficient participation of the patients, carers and their respective families within the care structure can help in meeting the service demands. Additionally, provision of sufficient training to the health care team along with inculcation of interpreter services can help in meeting the desired objectives References Bischoff, K. E., Sudore, R., Miao, Y., Boscardin, W. J., Smith, A. K. (2013). Advance care planning and the quality of end?of?life care in older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,61(2), 209-214. Boyd, L., Sheen, J. (2014). The national safety and quality health service standards requirements for orientation and induction within Australian Healthcare: A review of the literature.Asia Pacific journal of health management,9(3), 31-37. Bucknall, T. K., Forbes, H., Phillips, N. M., Hewitt, N. A., Cooper, S., Bogossian, F. (2016). An analysis of nursing students decision?making in teams during simulations of acute patient deterioration.Journal of advanced nursing,72(10), 2482-2494. Johnson, M. J., May, C. R. (2015). Promoting professional behaviour change in healthcare: what interventions work, and why? A theory-led overview of systematic reviews.BMJ open,5(9), e008592. Khandelwal, N., Kross, E. K., Engelberg, R. A., Coe, N. B., Long, A. C., Curtis, J. R. (2015). Estimating the effect of palliative care interventions and advance care planning on ICU utilization: a systematic review.Critical care medicine,43(5), 1102. Larcher, V., Craig, F., Bhogal, K., Wilkinson, D., Brierley, J. (2015). Making decisions to limit treatment in life-limiting and life-threatening conditions in children: a framework for practice.Archives of disease in childhood,100(Suppl 2), s1-s23. Liaw, S. Y., Wong, L. F., Lim, E. Y. P., Ang, S. B. L., Mujumdar, S., Ho, J. T. Y., ... Ang, E. N. K. (2016). Effectiveness of a web-based simulation in improving nurses workplace practice with deteriorating ward patients: A pre-and postintervention study.Journal of medical Internet research,18(2). Phua, J., Joynt, G. M., Nishimura, M., Deng, Y., Myatra, S. N., Chan, Y. H., ... Wahjuprajitno, B. (2015). Withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments in intensive care units in Asia.JAMA internal medicine,175(3), 363-371. Resources to implement the NSQHS Standards | Safety and Quality. (2017). Safetyandquality.gov.au. Retrieved 24 August 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/assessment-to-the-nsqhs-standards/resources-to-implement-the-nsqhs-standards/ See, M. T. A., Chan, W. C. S., Huggan, P. J., Tay, Y. K., Liaw, S. Y. (2014). Effectiveness of a patient education intervention in enhancing the self-efficacy of hospitalized patients to recognize and report acute deteriorating conditions.Patient education and counseling,97(1), 122-127. Stayt, L. C., Merriman, C., Ricketts, B., Morton, S., Simpson, T. (2015). Recognizing and managing a deteriorating patient: a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of clinical simulation in improving clinical performance in undergraduate nursing students.Journal of advanced nursing,71(11), 2563-2574. Young, T., Rohwer, A., Volmink, J., Clarke, M. (2014). What are the effects of teaching evidence-based health care (EBHC)? Overview of systematic reviews.PloS one,9(1), e86706.

Ishmael Reeds America The Multinational Society Essay Example

Ishmael Reeds America The Multinational Society Paper Shame Reed, discusses how many people In modern American society believe that America Is a monoculture, despite Its long history as a melting pot of diverse cultures. He successfully uses varying appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos to convince the audience of his Ideas and to persuade them that, indeed, America is more than just a descendent of European, or Western ideals and warns of the dangers of believing otherwise. He does this by providing specific anecdotes, like the story about diversity at a fair in Detroit, and by quoting owned scholars like Robert Thompson, a Yale professor, and even quoting racially charged bathroom graffiti. Reed establishes his credibility and builds his ethos in a few ways. Before the essay even begins, there is a half-page artist biography that includes many of Reeds previous works and background information about the author. This helps establish his credibility especially on cultural phenomena, based on his previous works. The fact that this essay Is published In a college textbook as material to be studied also helps validate his credibility as an author. Throughout the essay, Reed continues to build his ethos by speaking about a Yale professor Glenn a speech at The university of Wisconsin. Yale Is a prestigious university, so having a professor from there who agrees with his viewpoint helps build even more credibility in his argument. The Yale professor refers to America as a cultural bouillabaisse which supports Reeds view that America is a melting pot of cultures (64). Reed appeals to pathos, or emotion, throughout the essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael Reeds America The Multinational Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael Reeds America The Multinational Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ishmael Reeds America The Multinational Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One example of this is when Reed quotes a famous novelist saying Western civilization was the greatest achievement of mankind, and then directly compares that to the bathroom graffiti including White Power, Naggers and Spics Suck, and even Hitler was a prophet. The author uses emotionally charged terms and events to equate the idea of Western civilization to some of the worst events In human history (65). By directly comparing the opposing viewpoint to Hitters views or the murder and lynching of thousands of Afro-Americans, he forms a strong negative emotional connection with is oppositions views. In the essay, Reed also uses logic, or logos, to persuade the viewer of his argument by using well known examples in history and today of cross-cultural influence. For example, Beethoven, a famous German composer, used entire sections of Turkish marches. He mentions both French painters and cubists and how theft been influenced by foreign cultures. He even mentions a common phenomenon that many people have experienced in recent years: the bilingual recorded instructions at an airport in Texas. These examples all show how foreign cultures influence all aspects of Western civilization from music to art to travel. Reed successfully uses the three appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos to convince the audience that the US Is more than Just a single culture, but Is a diverse group of cultures living together. He encourages the audience to embrace cultural differences and use them to make our country a cultural leader and to move away from the type of thinking that led to genocide and racial lunette so Tanat we can Decode a cultural nave Tort people AT all Docudramas.

Overcoming an Obstacle Essays

Overcoming an Obstacle Essays Overcoming an Obstacle Essay Overcoming an Obstacle Essay There are many disadvantages and obstructions that can happen through all people. Though they may be a major set back. many people don’t recognize that these obstructions can be used to their advantage. Most people encounter an obstruction or disadvantage and give up non cognizing it could be turned into something positive. When we are faced with an obstruction. we can all turn over up our arms and happen a manner to turn the state of affairs good. For illustration. the laminitis of TOMS. Blake Mycoskie turned the obstruction of poorness in many states into an chance to better the lives of others by making a for-profit organisation which gives them. places. spectacless. and spreads consciousness. The first thing the organisation provides is places for people in over 50 states. Whenever person buys a brace of TOMS places. one is given a brace in a different state ; this is where the motto One for One came from. Places might non look of import to us but it is highly of import to the people who can non afford them. Shoes assist protect children’s pess from acquiring hurt and perchance even acquiring infected. This means the kids will non acquire ill and be healthy plenty to go to school. Not holding places besides affects children’s instruction. Almost every school in any state require places as a portion of school uniform. If all kids received places. school attending would increase by 62 % . that’s a immense difference. If instruction is increased. that would do people more nomadic. and may even stop poorness. Even if some schools will let kids to go to without places. many will still non go to. Most kids are ashamed or embarrassed to travel without places. However. when they are given a brace of places. it boosts their assurance. This helps them desire to go to school and contribute to their community. Places can do a large difference in someone’s life. and even change their universe. Second. the organisation provides oculus attention to those who are blind or visually impaired. Anytime person buys TOMS eyewear. oculus attention is given to person in demand. Approximately 90 % of people who are blind or visually impaired live in developing states. In entire. 285 million persons are blind or visually impaired. However. with oculus attention. 80 % of those instances can be corrected or pr evented. Most people suffer from cataracts. which is the taking cause of sightlessness. Cataracts can be cured with merely a 15-minute surgery. which is paid for when we buy TOMS eyewear. As we enjoy our new dark glassess. people in other states are having prescription eyewear and medical intervention which helps handle oculus hurts and infections. When vision is restored. it gives persons the chance to return to school or work. Adults can acquire financially stable and no longer necessitate excess attention. Of class we all know how of import vision is. so giving person the chance to see is a great feeling. There are many other ways to take part. non merely purchase purchasing the merchandises. but to set your ego in their shoes for a twenty-four hours. Last. TOMS besides has a certain twenty-four hours out of the twelvemonth to distribute consciousness of the manner other people live. For illustration. on April 16. 2013. was One twenty-four hours without shoes . The intent of this was for everyone to be barefoot for a twenty-four hours. merely like kids in other states are mundane. Not merely does it distribute consciousness. but besides helps us to appreciate what we have. Another event by TOMS is World Sight Day which was on October 10. 2013. This is when everyone wears his or her TOMS dark glassess. even indoors. merely to demo you were apart of something bigger than yourself. Both events are great ways to demo your support. and many more are on their manner. Anything can be changed. even obstacles that seem impossible to get the better of. Who knew that a brace of places could assist stop poorness? If everyone gave his or her portion. the universe could do a drastic alteration. Just because something seems to hard. doesn’t mean it can non be achieved. it can be every bit simple as a brace of places or an oculus test.

The Controversial Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800

The Controversial Election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 The election of 1800 was one of the most controversial in American history, and was marked with intrigue, betrayals, and a tie in the electoral college between two candidates who were running mates on the same ticket. The eventual winner was only decided after  days of balloting in the House of Representatives. When it was settled, Thomas Jefferson became president. That marked a philosophical change, which has been characterized as the Revolution of 1800. The electoral result represented a significant political realignment as the first two presidents, George Washington and John Adams, had been Federalists, and Jefferson represented the ascending Democratic-Republican Party. The contentious result of the election revealed a serious flaw in the US Constitution. Under the original Constitution, candidates for president and vice president ran on the same ballot. And that meant running mates could essentially be running against each other. The Twelfth Amendment, which changed the Constitution to prevent the problem of the election of 1800  from occurring again, created the current system of presidents and vice presidents running on the same ticket. The nations fourth presidential election was the first time candidates campaigned, though the campaigning was very subdued by modern standards. And the contest was also noteworthy as it intensified political and personal animosity  between two men tragically linked in history, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr. The Incumbent in 1800: John Adams When the nations first president, George Washington, announced that he would not run for a third term, his vice president, John Adams, ran and was elected president in 1796. Adams became increasingly unpopular during his four years in office, especially for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, repressive legislation designed to stifle freedom of the press. As the 1800 election approached Adams was determined to run for a second term, though his chances were not promising. The Role of Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton had been born on the island of Nevis, in the Caribbean. And while he was technically eligible to be president under the Constitution (having been a citizen  when the Constitution was ratified), he was such a controversial figure that a run for high office never seemed feasible. However, he had played a formidable role in the administration of George Washington, serving as the first secretary of the treasury. Over time he came to be an enemy of John Adams, though they were both members of the Federalist Party. He had tried to ensure the defeat of Adams in the election of 1796, and hoped to see Adams defeated in his run for a second term. Hamilton did not hold governmental office in the late 1790s, a time when he was practicing law in New York City. Yet he built a Federalist political machine in New York and could exert considerable influence in political matters. Aaron Burr as a Candidate Aaron Burr, a prominent New York political figure, was opposed to the Federalists continuing their rule, and also hoped to see Adams denied a second term. A constant rival to Hamilton, Burr had built a New York political machine, centered around Tammany Hall,  which rivaled Hamiltons Federalist organization. For the 1800 election, Burr threw his support behind Thomas Jefferson. Burr ran with Jefferson on the same ticket as the vice-presidential candidate. Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson had served as Washingtons secretary of state, and ran a close second to John Adams in the election of 1796. As a critic of the Adams presidency, Jefferson was an obvious candidate on the Democratic-Republican ticket that would oppose the Federalists. The Campaigning in 1800 While it is true that the 1800 election marks the first time that candidates campaigned, the campaigning that year mostly consisted of writing letters and articles expressing their intentions. President John Adams did make trips to Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania that were construed as political visits, and Aaron Burr, on behalf of the Democratic-Republican ticket, visited towns throughout New England. In that early period the electors from the states were generally chosen by state legislatures, not by popular vote. In some cases the elections for state legislatures were essentially substitutes for the presidential election, so any campaigning actually took place at a local level. A Tie in the Electoral College The tickets in the election were Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney, and the Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The ballots for the electoral college were not counted until February 11, 1801, and it was discovered that the election was a tie. Jefferson and his own running mate, Burr, each received 73 electoral votes. John Adams received 65 votes, Charles C. Pinckney received 64 votes. John Jay, who had not even been running, received one electoral vote. The original wording of the Constitution, which didnt distinguish between electoral votes for president and vice president, led to the problematic outcome. In the event of a tie in the electoral college, the Constitution dictated that the election would be decided by the House of Representatives. So Jefferson and Burr, who had been running mates, became rivals. The Federalists, who still controlled the lame-duck Congress, threw their support behind Burr in an effort to defeat Jefferson. And while Burr publicly expressed his loyalty to Jefferson, he worked to win the upcoming election in the House of Representatives. And Alexander Hamilton, who detested Burr and considered Jefferson a safer choice to be president, wrote letters and used all his influence with the Federalists to thwart Burr. Many Ballots in the House of Representatives The election in the House of Representatives began on February 17, 1801, in the unfinished Capitol building in Washington. The voting went on for several days, and after 36 ballots the tie was finally broken. Thomas Jefferson was declared the winner. Aaron Burr was declared vice president. And it is believed that Alexander Hamiltons influence weighed heavily on the eventual outcome. Legacy of the Election of 1800 The fractious outcome of the 1800 election led to the passage and ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed the way the electoral college functioned. As Thomas Jefferson was distrustful of Aaron Burr, he gave him nothing to do as vice president. Burr and Hamilton continued their epic feud, which finally culminated in their famous duel in Weehawken, New Jersey on July 11, 1804. Burr shot Hamilton, who died the next day. Burr was not prosecuted for killing Hamilton, though he later was accused of treason, tried, and acquitted. He lived in exile in Europe for several years before returning to New York. He died in 1836. Thomas Jefferson served two terms as president. And he and John Adams eventually put their differences behind them, and wrote a series of friendly letters during the last decade of their lives. They both died on a noteworthy day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Communication - Essay Example Success in collaboration is dependent on various elements such as shared goals, member interdependence, and input of all members and shared decision making (Stallworth, 1998 in Frey L., 2004). Good communication skills such as good listening skills, appreciating other team member contribution, polite interruption made collaboration in the editorial team possible and attractive cover page. To have an effective collaboration in group dynamics, various learning styles emerge such as; auditory learning, kinesthetic and visual learning and intelligence (emotional intelligence). The different learning styles and intelligence constitute an important tool in improving individual learning and collaboration. This helps group members develop social, cognitive and reasoning skills such as critical thinking and communicating ideas. Group collaboration creates a sense belonging for all stakeholders. Benchmarks are within timelines to keep every collaborative effort on track. An effective communication network must exist for collaborative